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Alloy family

Super austenitic and duplex stainless

When 316L is not enough but a nickel alloy is overkill, the answer is usually here.

The step before nickel alloys

This group costs far less than nickel alloys and performs far better than standard stainless.

The number that decides the choice is PREN, the pitting resistance equivalent number, calculated from chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen content. 316L sits around 25; super duplex 2507 is above 42. Grades above PREN 40 are classed as super duplex.

Which grade where

904L (1.4539) is a high-nickel austenitic grade used in sulphuric and phosphoric acid service and wherever stress corrosion cracking is a risk. Readily welded and formed.

254 SMO (1.4547) is super austenitic, with 6% molybdenum and a PREN around 43. Seawater cooling systems, desalination plants, pulp bleaching lines. Its chloride resistance approaches that of nickel alloys.

Duplex 2205 (1.4462) is the workhorse of the family. Its roughly equal austenite and ferrite phases give it close to twice the strength of 316L, which means the same pressure rating at a thinner wall — less material for the same job. Storage tanks, pressure vessels, process piping.

Super Duplex 2507 (1.4410) is the next step up in chloride and pitting resistance. Offshore platforms, seawater systems, chemical tankers, sour service. Covered by NACE MR0175.

Zeron 100 (1.4501) is a tungsten and copper bearing super duplex giving extra margin against crevice corrosion, preferred where seawater and reducing acids occur together.

Where duplex stops. Duplex grades are not used above roughly 250–300 °C. Held at that temperature they form embrittling phases and lose toughness. If the job is a hot one, look at austenitic or nickel-based grades instead. They are also sensitive to welding and heat treatment; if the phase balance is lost, so is the corrosion resistance.

Forms and specifications

GradeW.NrUNSPREN (approx.)Commonly requested standards
904L1.4539N0890434ASTM A240, B625, B649
254 SMO1.4547S3125443ASTM A240, A182, A312
Duplex 22051.4462S3220535ASTM A240, A182, A790, A789
Super Duplex 25071.4410S3275042ASTM A240, A182, A790, NACE MR0175
Zeron 1001.4501S3276041ASTM A240, A182 F55, A790

PREN values are approximate, calculated from typical composition; the actual value depends on the analysis on the certificate.

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